I have a Raspberry Pi with Raspbian.
I have a .deb file on it. But unfortunately I can neither unpack by double-clicking nor by the shell (sudo dpkg -i /home/pi/Desktop/Minecraft.deb there was this error message: package architecture (amd64) does not fit the system (armhf)).
If the instruction set does not match, you can't run the deb.
Architecture package (amd64) does not match the system (armhf)
You already have the answer. You can't just want to do something for 64 bit Intel / AMD on ARM.
You need the package for ARM.
Raspberry Pis have ARM processors. The programs must also be for this architecture. Your Minecraft .deb package is one for amd64 and not for ARM processors.