No matter if I double-click or press new window, Minecraft does not open!
The easiest way in such a case is to start the program / game in question once via the terminal, because then the (error) messages are displayed directly.
Enter once in the terminal:
minecraft launcher
What will be spent then?
If you don't get an error, just enter the following into the terminal of your Linux:
minecraft launcher
and show us what it says. On the KDE desktop this is "Console" and on GNOME it is simply "Terminal"
I just had to uninstall and install it