I own the Minecraft normal Edition Java for years now and now a buddy has a Nintendo Switch and I can only play with him if I have the Windows 10 Minecraft Edition. Now my question I have to buy Minecraft new, because I only have Java Edition or can somehow because of the Java Edition enter a code so you can play the Windows 10 Edition?
No, you just press buy in the Windows Store and then you'll be asked if you've already bought Minecraft and then you sign up and have it
Hello there comes with me no field where I'm asked to redeem only one field with code.
Meanwhile, the Windows 10 version is no longer free for the Java version owners. So yes you have to buy it again. There are actually two different games.
If you go to the side of Mojang
https://accounts.mojang.com/....com/login
and log in with your Minecraft data, you could try to get a Win10 Edition Key there, but it may be that it has been discontinued.