Is there some way to download a Minecraft mod from the internet and add it to my Aternos.org Minecraft server?
Yes. First you have to click on Software in the Aternos panel. Then Forge and you choose the right version and reinstall the server. Now a Mods folder should have been created in the server files. Simply insert the mods there
No, this is not possible.
But you can make a mod suggestion in the Aternos forum, then with a little luck they will add it to the list.
"just insert the mods" is not possible.
You can only choose from a list of official mods.
Why should everything be possible with a free hoster…
A V-Server is relatively cheap and that's what it all goes on…
Therefore, it is better to spend your pocket money on useful things (rent a V-Server)