As already described in the question: I have a Minecraft server running on my PC. Now I want to access the files from somewhere else. How does it work?
So you can access it with Teamviewer. However, both systems must be online and switched on. And it has to be someone on the other end.
You can download a Filezilla server.
You can skip the unimportant part.
Can it run in MC Server?
This server only allows the file transfer from your system to the Filezilla client on any system. Your server stays on your PC.
Isn't FileZilla an FTP client?
FileZilla yes, but there's also a FileZilla server that enables access from the FTP client.
So the FileZilla server is a kind of FTP server
Yeah… What is wanted. Access the file system. FTP would be an option.