If I already have Minecraft for Windows 10, do I need to buy it again for 8 euro to get it on my phone, or do I get a free license? If yes how?
You only bought the PC version, you also have to buy the mobile version if you want to play Minecraft on your mobile phone.
Maybe you'll get Bedrock's Xbox One version because of "Play Anywhere", but I'm not sure. You can forget Android / Amazon Fire and IOS. The same unfortunately applies to the switch version.
You do not have to pay.
For questions, call the hotline. Also applies to Microsoft.
Of course he has to pay! 🙄